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<title>Halotolerance</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Halotolerance</span></span>

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<p><b>Halotolerance</b> is the <a href="Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">adaptation</a> of living <a href="Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> to conditions of high <a href="Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halotolerant species tend to live in areas such as <a href="Hypersaline_lake" title="Hypersaline lake">hypersaline lakes</a>, <a href="Dune" title="Dune">coastal dunes</a>, saline <a href="Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, <a href="Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a>, and inland salt <a href="Sea" title="Sea">seas</a> and <a href="Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>. <a href="Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophiles</a> are also organisms that not only live in highly saline environments but also <i>require</i> the <a href="Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> to survive. Halotolerant organisms on the other hand (belonging to different <a href="Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a> of life) can grow under saline conditions, but do not require elevated concentrations of salt for growth. <a href="Halophyte" title="Halophyte">Halophytes</a> are salt-tolerant higher plants. Halotolerant microorganisms are of considerable biotechnological interest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>Fields of scientific research relevant to halotolerance include <a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and <a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.

</p><p>An understanding of halotolerance can be applicable to areas such as <a href="Arid-zone_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid-zone agriculture">arid-zone agriculture</a>, <a href="Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">xeriscaping</a>, <a href="Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> (of fish or algae), bioproduction of desirable compounds (such as <a href="Phycobiliprotein" title="Phycobiliprotein">phycobiliproteins</a> or <a href="Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>) using seawater to support growth, or <a href="Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">remediation</a> of salt-affected soils. In addition, many environmental stressors involve or induce osmotic changes, so knowledge gained about halotolerance can also be relevant to understanding tolerance to extremes in moisture or temperature.

</p><p>Goals of studying halotolerance include increasing the agricultural productivity of lands affected by <a href="Soil_salination" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil salination">soil salination</a> or where only saline water is available. Conventional agricultural species could be made more halotolerant by gene transfer from naturally halotolerant species (by conventional <a href="Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">breeding</a> or <a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>) or by applying treatments developed from an understanding of the mechanisms of halotolerance. In addition, naturally halotolerant plants or microorganisms could be developed into useful <a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> crops or <a href="Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> organisms.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellular_functions_in_halophytes">Cellular functions in halophytes</h2></div>

<p>Tolerance of high salt conditions can be obtained through several routes. High levels of salt entering the plant can trigger ionic imbalances which cause complications in respiration and photosynthesis, leading to reduced rates of growth, injury and death in severe cases. To be considered tolerant of saline conditions, the <a href="Protoplast" title="Protoplast">protoplast</a> must show methods of balancing the toxic and <a href="Osmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic">osmotic</a> effects of the increased salt concentrations. Halophytic vascular plants can survive on soils with salt concentrations around 6%, or up to 20% in extreme cases (<a href="Ocean_salinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean salinity">ocean salinity</a> is around 3.5%). Tolerance of such conditions is reached through the use of stress proteins and compatible cytoplasm osmotic solutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To exist in such conditions, halophytes tend to be subject to the uptake of high levels of salt into their cells, and this is often required to maintain an osmotic potential lower than that of the soil to ensure water uptake. High salt concentrations within the cell can be damaging to sensitive organelles such as the chloroplast, so sequestration of salt is seen. Under this action, salt is stored within the <a href="Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a> to protect such delicate areas. If high salt concentrations are seen within the vacuole, a high concentration gradient will be established between the vacuole and the cytoplasm, leading to high levels of energy investment to maintain this state. Therefore, the accumulation of compatible cytoplasmic osmotic solutes can be seen to prevent this situation from occurring. <a href="Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> such as proline accumulate in halophytic <a href="Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a> species, quaternary ammonium bases such as Glycine Betaine and sugars have been shown to act in this role within halophytic members of <a href="Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceae</a> and members of <a href="Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> show the buildup of cyclites and soluble sugars. The buildup of these compounds allow for the balancing of the osmotic effect while preventing the establishment of toxic concentrations of salt or requiring the maintenance of high concentration gradients.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacterial_halotolerance">Bacterial halotolerance</h2></div>

<p>The extent of halotolerance varies widely amongst different species of bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> are halotolerant; an example location of occurrence for such cyanobacteria is in the <a href="Makgadikgadi_Pans" class="mw-redirect" title="Makgadikgadi Pans">Makgadikgadi Pans</a>, a large <a href="Hypersaline_lake" title="Hypersaline lake">hypersaline lake</a> in <a href="Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungal_halotolerance">Fungal halotolerance</h2></div>

<p><a href="Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> from habitats with high concentration of salt are mostly halotolerant (i.e. they do not require salt for growth) and not halophilic. Halophilic fungi are a rare exception.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halotolerant fungi constitute a relatively large and constant part of hypersaline environment communities, such as those in the <a href="Saltern" title="Saltern">solar salterns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well studied examples include the yeast <i><a href="Debaryomyces_hansenii" title="Debaryomyces hansenii">Debaryomyces hansenii</a> </i>and <a href="Black_yeast" title="Black yeast">black yeasts</a> <i><a href="Aureobasidium_pullulans" title="Aureobasidium pullulans">Aureobasidium pullulans</a></i> and <i><a href="Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter can grow in media without salt, as well as in almost saturated <a href="NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a> solutions. To emphasize this unusually wide <a href="Adaptability" title="Adaptability">adaptability</a>, some authors describe <i>H. werneckii </i>as "extremely halotolerant".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Arabidopsis_thaliana_responses_to_salinity" title="Arabidopsis thaliana responses to salinity"><i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> responses to salinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Biosalinity" title="Biosalinity">Biosalinity</a> – Use of salty water for irrigation</li>

<li><a href="Crop_tolerance_to_seawater" title="Crop tolerance to seawater">Crop tolerance to seawater</a></li>

<li><a href="Salinity_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinity control">Salinity control</a> – Controlling the problem of soil salinity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Salt_tolerance_of_crops" title="Salt tolerance of crops">Salt tolerance of crops</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium in biology</a> – Use of sodium by organisms</li>

<li><a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a> – Salt content in the soil</li>

<li><a href="Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a> – Controlling the problem of soil salinity</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Larcher (2001) <i>Physiological Plant Ecology</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-43516-6</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMargesinSchinner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Margesin, R.; Schinner, F. (2001). "Potential of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms for biotechnology". <i>Extremophiles: Life Under Extreme Conditions</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>83. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007920100184">10.1007/s007920100184</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11354458">11354458</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22371046">22371046</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gupta-2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta-2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaHuang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Bhaskar; Huang, Bingru (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996477">"Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization"</a>. <i><a href="International_Journal_of_Genomics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Genomics">International Journal of Genomics</a></i>. <b>2014</b>: 701596. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F701596">10.1155/2014/701596</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996477">3996477</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24804192">24804192</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Häussinger and Helmut Sies (2007) <i>Osmosensing and Osmosignaling</i>, Academic Press, 579 pages <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-12-373921-7</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0"><i>Makgadikgadi</i>, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGostinčarGrubeDe_HoogZalar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gostinčar, C.; Grube, M.; De Hoog, S.; Zalar, P.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6941.2009.00794.x">"Extremotolerance in fungi: Evolution on the edge"</a>. <i>FEMS Microbiology Ecology</i>. <b>71</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>11. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6941.2009.00794.x">10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19878320">19878320</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZajcZalarPlemenitašGunde-Cimerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Zajc, J.; Zalar, P.; Plemenitaš, A.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2012). "The Mycobiota of the Salterns". <i>Biology of Marine Fungi</i>. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Vol. 53. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>158. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-23342-5_7">10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5_7</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-23341-8</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22222830">22222830</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGunde-CimermanRamosPlemenitaš2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Ramos, J.; Plemenitaš, A. (2009). "Halotolerant and halophilic fungi". <i>Mycological Research</i>. <b>113</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1231–</span>1241. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2009.09.002">10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19747974">19747974</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGostinčarLenassiGunde-CimermanPlemenitaš2011" class="citation book cs1">Gostinčar, C.; Lenassi, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitaš, A. (2011). <i>Fungal Adaptation to Extremely High Salt Concentrations</i>. Advances in Applied Microbiology. Vol. 77. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>96. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0">10.1016/B978-0-12-387044-5.00003-0</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780123870445</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22050822">22050822</a>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Salt_and_water_balance_in_animals41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salt and <a href="Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a> in <a href="Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypertonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertonic">Hypertonicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonicity" title="Tonicity">Isotonicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotonic">Hypotonicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li>

<li> (<a href="Halophile" title="Halophile">Halophile</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Osmoconformer" title="Osmoconformer">Osmoconformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li>

<li><a href="Stenohaline" title="Stenohaline">Stenohaline</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_gland" title="Salt gland">Salt gland</a></li>

<li><a href="Supraorbital_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraorbital gland">Supraorbital gland</a></li>

<li><a href="Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">Renal medulla</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Halotolerance&oldid=1279744060">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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